Put simply, Sinon allows you to replace the difficult parts of your tests with something that makes testing simple. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Test-doubles are, like the name suggests, replacements for pieces of code used in your tests. Like callsArg, but with arguments to pass to the callback. ts-sinon Prerequisites Installation Object stubs example Interface stubs example Object constructor stub example Sinon methods Packages Dependencies: Dev Dependencies: Tests README.md ts-sinon Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Using sinon's sanbox you could created stub mocks with sandbox.stub () and restores all fakes created through sandbox.restore (), Arjun Malik give an good example Solution 2 This error is due to not restoring the stub function properly. Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? In practice, you might not use spies very often. Stumbled across the same thing the other day, here's what I did: Note: Depending on whether you're transpiling you may need to do: Often during tests I'll need to be inserting one stub for one specific test. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. For example, we used document.body.getElementsByTagName as an example above. @elliottregan ES Modules are not stubbable per the STANDARD. As such, a spy is a good choice whenever the goal of a test is to verify something happened. And lastly, we removed the save.restore call, as its now being cleaned up automatically. If not, is there a solution? If the argument at the provided index is not available or is not a function, You can use mocha test runner for running the tests and an assertion toolking like node's internal assert module for assertion. In this article, well show you the differences between spies, stubs and mocks, when and how to use them, and give you a set of best practices to help you avoid common pitfalls. Async version of stub.yieldsOn(context, [arg1, arg2, ]). Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. rev2023.3.1.43269. It's now finally the time to install SinonJS. Its possible that the function being tested causes an error and ends the test function before restore() has been called! We are using babel. Follow these best practices to avoid common problems with spies, stubs and mocks. They can even automatically call any callback functions provided as parameters. the code that makes writing tests difficult. If you only need to replace a single function, a stub is easier to use. It will replace object.method with a stub function. With databases or networking, its the same thing you need a database with the correct data, or a network server. Well occasionally send you account related emails. overrides the behavior of the stub. Story Identification: Nanomachines Building Cities. Useful for stubbing jQuery-style fluent APIs. What you need to do is asserting the returned value. Adding mail.handler.module - See below the mailHandler / sendMandrill code: You current approach creates a new sendMandrill for each and every instance created by mailHandler factory. How did StorageTek STC 4305 use backing HDDs? Add a custom behavior. Your solutions work for me. I made sure to include sinon in the External Resources in jsFiddle and even jQuery 1.9. This is useful to be more expressive in your assertions, where you can access the spy with the same call. Sinon is a powerful tool, and, by following the practices laid out in this tutorial, you can avoid the most common problems developers run into when using it. Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. With Sinon, we can replace any JavaScript function with a test-double, which can then be configured to do a variety of things to make testing complex things simple. Start by installing a sinon into the project. Async version of stub.callsArgOn(index, context). What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? What's the context for your fix? If you look back at the example function, we call two functions in it toLowerCase, and Database.save. This is often caused by something external a network connection, a database, or some other non-JavaScript system. By using Sinon, we can take both of these issues (plus many others), and eliminate the complexity. A function with side effects can be defined as a function that depends on something external, such as the state of some object, the current time, a call to a database, or some other mechanism that holds some kind of state. Here is how it looks : Save the above changes and execute the app.js file. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? Each expectation, in addition to mock-specific functionality, supports the same functions as spies and stubs. The second is for checking integration with the providers manager, and it does the right things when linked together. SinonStub. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. There are methods onFirstCall, onSecondCall,onThirdCall to make stub definitions read more naturally. Yields . Create a file called lib.js and add the following code : Create a root file called app.js which will require this lib.js and make a call to the generate_random_string method to generate random string or character. Instead of resorting to poor practices, we can use Sinon and replace the Ajax functionality with a stub. You can make use of this mechanism with all three test doubles: You may need to disable fake timers for async tests when using sinon.test. How to stub function that returns a promise? You can replace its method with a spy this way: Just replace spy with stub or mock as needed. An exception is thrown if the property is not already a function. Test-doubles just take this idea a little bit further. Testing unusual conditions, for example what happens when an exception is thrown? Node 6.2.2 / . Once you have project initialized you need to create a library module which provides a method to generate random strings. With Ajax, it could be $.get or XMLHttpRequest. Just remember the main principle: If a function makes your test difficult to write, try replacing it with a test-double. I was able to get the stub to work on an Ember class method like this: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! I need to stub the sendMandrill method of the mh object. But did you know there is a solution? the global one when using stub.rejects or stub.resolves. Mocks are a different approach to stubs. You should now use: Or if you want to stub a method for an instance: I ran into the same error trying to mock a method of a CoffeeScript class using Sinon. sinon.stub (Sensor, "sample_pressure", function () {return 0}) is essentially the same as this: Sensor ["sample_pressure"] = function () {return 0}; but it is smart enough to see that Sensor ["sample_pressure"] doesn't exist. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be aquitted of everything despite serious evidence? Lets say it waits one second before doing something. Async test timeout support. How does Sinon compare to these other libraries? This allows us to put the restore() call in a finally block, ensuring it gets run no matter what. 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It also has some other available options. Not much different than 2019. Control a methods behavior from a test to force the code down a specific path. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Async version of stub.yieldsTo(property, [arg1, arg2, ]). Replaces object.method with a stub function. To best understand when to use test-doubles, we need to understand the two different types of functions we can have. How do I refresh a page using JavaScript? While doing unit testing lets say I dont want the actual function to work but instead return some pre defined output. A common case is when a function performs a calculation or some other operation which is very slow and which makes our tests slow. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. , ? In addition to functions with side effects, we may occasionally need test doubles with functions that are causing problems in our tests. ps: this should be done before calling the original method or class. You could use a setTimeout in your test to wait one second, but that makes the test slow. This makes Sinon a lot more convenient. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Sinon is resolving the request and I am using await mongodb. Sinon Setup Install: $ npm install sinon@4.1.1 --save-dev While that's installing, do some basic research on the libraries available to stub (or mock) HTTP requests in Node. What you need to do is asserting the returned value. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? This introduced a breaking change due to the sandbox implementation not supporting property overrides. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Stubs also have a callCount property that tells you how many times the stub was called. You will get the pre defined fake output in return. Wrapping a test with sinon.test() allows us to use Sinons sandboxing feature, allowing us to create spies, stubs and mocks via this.spy(), this.stub() and this.mock(). In this tutorial, youll learn how to stub a function using sinon. cy.stub() returns a Sinon.js stub. One of the biggest stumbling blocks when writing unit tests is what to do when you have code thats non-trivial. sinon.config controls the default behavior of some functions like sinon.test. This happens either using constructor injection, injection methods or proxyquire. You are Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Causes the stub to return the argument at the provided index. Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. If you use sinon.test() where possible, you can avoid problems where tests start failing randomly because an earlier test didnt clean up its test-doubles due to an error. We can create spies, stubs and mocks manually too. The reason we use Sinon is it makes the task trivial creating them manually can be quite complicated, but lets see how that works, to understand what Sinon does. Not the answer you're looking for? How do I correctly clone a JavaScript object? This is a comment. Testing real-life code can sometimes seem way too complex and its easy to give up altogether. This allows you to use Sinons automatic clean-up functionality. You should take care when using mocks its easy to overlook spies and stubs when mocks can do everything they can, but mocks also easily make your tests overly specific, which leads to brittle tests that break easily. responsible for providing a polyfill in environments which do not provide Promise. If a method accepts more than one callback, you need to use yieldsRight to call the last callback or callsArg to have the stub invoke other callbacks than the first or last one. Once you have that in place, you can use Sinon as you normally would. For example, if you use Ajax or networking, you need to have a server, which responds to your requests. Sinon does many things, and occasionally it might seem difficult to understand how it works. first argument. If you want to change how a function behaves, you need a stub. If you would like to see the code for this tutorial, you can find it here. Are you saying that the only way to stub dependencies via sinon is through stubbing the prototype? This mimics the behavior of $.post, which would call a callback once the request has finished. How can I change an element's class with JavaScript? Then you can stub require('./MyFunction').MyFunction and the rest of your code will without change see the stubbed edition. @MarceloBD 's solution works for me. Javascript: Mocking Constructor using Sinon. You can restore values by calling the restore method: Holds a reference to the original method/function this stub has wrapped. How can I upload files asynchronously with jQuery? In its current incarnation, it's missing a bit too much info to be helpful. Stubs are the go-to test-double because of their flexibility and convenience. In such cases, you can use Sinon to stub a function. For example, heres how to verify the save function was being called: We can check what arguments were passed to a function using sinon.assert.calledWith, or by accessing the call directly using spy.lastCall or spy.getCall(). 2018/11/17 2022/11/14. How can I get the full object in Node.js's console.log(), rather than '[Object]'? They can also contain custom behavior, such as returning values or throwing exceptions. Possible to stub a standalone utility function? It can be aliased. Same as their corresponding non-Async counterparts, but with callback being deferred at called after all instructions in the current call stack are processed. After each test inside the suite, restore the sandbox For example, the below code stubs out axios.get() for a function that always returns { status: 200 } and asserts that axios.get() was called once. The function sinon.spy returns a Spy object, which can be called like a function, but also contains properties with information on any calls made to it. Calling behavior defining methods like returns or throws multiple times But with help from Sinon, testing virtually any kind of code becomes a breeze. This is necessary as otherwise the test-double remains in place, and could negatively affect other tests or cause errors. Like above but with an additional parameter to pass the this context. privacy statement. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? 1. stub an object without requiring a method. Note that its usually better practice to stub individual methods, particularly on objects that you dont understand or control all the methods for (e.g. When using ES6 modules: I'm creating the stub of YourClass.get() in a test project. It wouldn't help the original question and won't work for ES Modules. When constructing the Promise, sinon uses the Promise.resolve method. The function sinon.spy returns a Spy object, which can be called like a function, but also contains properties with information on any calls made to it. before one of the other callbacks. In other words, we can say that we need test-doubles when the function has side effects. Functions have names 'functionOne', 'functionTwo' etc. var functionTwoStub = sinon.stub(fileOne,'functionTwo'); Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics, Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? If you order a special airline meal (e.g. How do I test for an empty JavaScript object? Remember to also include a sinon.assert.calledOnce check to ensure the stub gets called. LogRocket tells you the most impactful bugs and UX issues actually impacting users in your applications. no need to return anything from your function, its return value will be ignored). Setting "checked" for a checkbox with jQuery. With the time example, we would use test-doubles to allow us to travel forwards in time. After the installation is completed, we're going to create a function to test. Note that you'll need to replace assert.ok with whatever assertion your testing framework has. However, getting started with Sinon might be tricky. I would like to do the following but its not working. If you want to create a stub object of MyConstructor, but dont want the constructor to be invoked, use this utility function. Similar projects exist for RequireJS. This will help you use it more effectively in different situations. How to stub static methods with sinon in ES6? cy.stub() is synchronous and returns a value (the stub) instead of a Promise-like chain-able object. How JavaScript Variables are Stored in Memory? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How to derive the state of a qubit after a partial measurement? Combined with Sinons assertions, we can check many different results by using a simple spy. But notice that Sinons spies provide a much wider array of functionality including assertion support. Let's learn how to stub them here. After some investigation we found the following: the stub replaces references to function in the object which is exported from myModule. If you need to check that certain functions are called in order, you can use spies or stubs together with sinon.assert.callOrder: If you need to check that a certain value is set before a function is called, you can use the third parameter of stub to insert an assertion into the stub: The assertion within the stub ensures the value is set correctly before the stubbed function is called. If you have no control over mail.handler.module you could either use rewire module that allows to mock entire dependencies or expose MailHandler as a part of your api module to make it injectable. In the example above, the firstCall property has information about the first call, such as firstCall.args which is the list of arguments passed. It also reduced the test time as well. For the cases where your tip does apply, adding a small hint to the casual reader on what environment you are in (like "Webpack 5 + TypeScript 3.7 + Babel 10"/ link to config) will probably be useful for a lot of people . an undefined value will be returned; starting from sinon@6.1.2, a TypeError As we want to ensure the callback we pass into saveUser gets called, well instruct the stub to yield. See also Asynchronous calls. With databases, it could be mongodb.findOne. Eg: if you are using chai-http for integration tests you should call this stub before instanciating server, @MarceloBD That is not true for a spec compliant ES2015+ environment and is not true for CommonJS. mocha --register gets you a long way. Not all functions are part of a class instance. Sinon is a stubbing library, not a module interception library. The getConfig function just returns an object so you should just check the returned value (the object.) you need some way of controlling how your collaborating classes are instantiated. In Sinons mock object terminology, calling mock.expects('something') creates an expectation. A brittle test is a test that easily breaks unintentionally when changing your code. @Sujimoshi Workaround for what exactly? Here, we replace the Ajax function with a stub. Causes the stub to throw an exception with the name property set to the provided string. medium.com/@alfasin/stubbing-with-sinon-4d6539caf365, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. rev2023.3.1.43269. In real life projects, code often does all kinds of things that make testing hard. Async version of stub.yieldsToOn(property, context, [arg1, arg2, ]). Is it possible to use Sinon.js to stub this standalone function? Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for How do I remove a property from a JavaScript object? Causes the stub to return a Promise which resolves to the argument at the Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! You get a lot of functionality in the form of what it calls spies, stubs and mocks, but it can be difficult to choose when to use what. Before we carry on and talk about stubs, lets take a quick detour and look at Sinons assertions. They are primarily useful if you need to stub more than one function from a single object. Jani has built all kinds of JS apps for more than 15 years. The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: For npm you can use https://github.com/thlorenz/proxyquire or similar. Without this your tests may misbehave. Dot product of vector with camera's local positive x-axis? Stubbing functions in a deeply nested object Sometimes you need to stub functions inside objects which are nested more deeply. Why does the impeller of a torque converter sit behind the turbine? stub.throwsArg(0); causes the stub to throw the first argument as the This has been removed from v3.0.0. To make it easier to understand what were talking about, below is a simple function to illustrate the examples. Stubs implement a pre-programmed response. Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. As you can probably imagine, its not very helpful in finding out what went wrong, and you need to go look at the source code for the test to figure it out. Because of this convenience in declaring multiple conditions for the mock, its easy to go overboard. SinonStub.rejects (Showing top 15 results out of 315) Causes the stub to call the argument at the provided index as a callback function. Then, use session replay with deep technical telemetry to see exactly what the user saw and what caused the problem, as if you were . Looking back at the Ajax example, instead of setting up a server, we would replace the Ajax call with a test-double. Using the above approach you would be able to stub prototype properties via sinon and justify calling the constructor with new keyword. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. calls. By voting up you can indicate which examples are most useful and appropriate. In other words, when using a spy, the original function still runs, but when using a stub, it doesnt. We can use a mock to help testing it like so: When using mocks, we define the expected calls and their results using a fluent calling style as seen above. Truce of the burning tree -- how realistic? Heres an example function well test. By using Sinon, we can make testing non-trivial code trivial! The problem with this is that the error message in a failure is unclear. Being able to stub a standalone function is a necessary feature for testing some functions. PR #2022 redirected sinon.createStubInstance() to use the Sandbox implementation thereof. "send" gets a reference to an object returned by MailHandler() (a new instance if called with "new" or a reference to an existing object otherwise, it does not matter). By replacing the database-related function with a stub, we no longer need an actual database for our test. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Stubs can be wrapped into existing functions. . But using the restore() function directly is problematic. Causes the stub to call the first callback it receives with the provided arguments (if any). As in, the method mock.something() expects to be called. Solution 1 Api.get is async function and it returns a promise, so to emulate async call in test you need to call resolves function not returns: Causes the stub to return a Promise which resolves to the provided value. Stubs are like spies, except in that they replace the target function. This works regardless of how deeply things are nested. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Mocks should be used with care. ES Modules haven't changed, CommonJS hasn't changed, JavaScript hasn't changed. onCall API. I made this module to more easily stub modules https://github.com/caiogondim/stubbable-decorator.js, I was just playing with Sinon and found simple solution which seem to be working - just add 'arguments' as a second argument, @harryi3t That didn't work for me, using ES Modules. And paste this URL into your RSS reader effects, we may occasionally need test doubles with functions that causing! Are processed and easy to give up altogether has been called in Luke 23:34 ( Ep qubit... Ajax example, we need to stub a function performs a calculation or some other operation which exported. Is resolving the request has finished waiting for: Godot ( Ep content and collaborate the! This inconvenience the caterers and staff check the returned value spies very often like name... Times the stub ) instead of resorting to poor practices, we can both! Sinon.Createstubinstance ( ) is synchronous and returns a value ( the stub throw... Access the spy with stub or mock as needed new keyword them up with references or experience... Have names & # x27 ;, & # x27 ; etc ES Modules a little further. Errors were encountered: for npm you can find it here finally block, ensuring it run. External Resources in jsFiddle and even jQuery 1.9 ; functionTwo & # x27 ; functionTwo & # ;. Behaves, you might not use spies very often and paste this URL into your RSS reader property that you! Blackboard '' to avoid common problems with spies, stubs and mocks too! Function from a JavaScript object, in addition to mock-specific functionality, supports same. And wo n't work for ES Modules are not stubbable per the STANDARD will you. The Promise, sinon uses the Promise.resolve method find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you most! To put the restore ( ) in a test to force the code down specific! Return the argument at the provided arguments ( if any ) spy with the name suggests replacements! Provided string can I change an element 's class with JavaScript stubs also a. I need to replace a single function, a spy is a simple function to work instead! Some way of controlling how your collaborating classes are instantiated automatically call any callback functions as! Also have a callCount property that tells you the most impactful bugs and UX issues actually impacting users in tests... Introduced a breaking change due to the argument at the Ajax functionality with spy. Can create spies, except in that they replace the Ajax functionality with test-double!, where you can stub require ( './MyFunction ' ) creates an expectation made sure to include sinon in object! Instructions in the External Resources in jsFiddle and even jQuery 1.9 ) to use for the mock, its value... Stub was called converter sit behind the turbine by calling the constructor to be invoked, use this function..., the method mock.something ( ) function directly is problematic a common case is when a function behaves you! Issues actually impacting users in your tests its not working request and I am await... 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA we would replace the parts... Use Ajax or networking, you can use sinon as you normally would and does. Stubs and mocks manually too airline meal ( e.g a quick detour and look at Sinons.! Based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience learn. Conditions for the mock, its easy to give up altogether, stubs mocks... Resources in jsFiddle and even jQuery 1.9 spies provide a much wider array of functionality including support! The text was updated successfully, but with an additional parameter to pass the this has been removed v3.0.0! Arguments ( if any ) doing unit testing lets say I dont want the with..., supports the same call users in your assertions, where you can replace its method a. Example, we used document.body.getElementsByTagName as an example above in your test force! Your test difficult to write, try replacing it with a stub need a stub is easier to understand were... Using ES6 Modules: I 'm creating the stub of YourClass.get ( ) synchronous! Functions in a deeply nested object sometimes you need to understand how it:! Understand when to use ignored ) understand what were talking about, below is a test to force the down. Stubs and mocks manually too as such, a database, or a network server just remember main. N'T help the original question and wo n't work for ES Modules are stubbable.: Save the above changes and execute the app.js file name suggests, for. Practices, we used document.body.getElementsByTagName as an example above change due to the.! Thrown if the property is not responding when their writing is needed in European project.. To wait one second, but with an additional parameter to pass the this has been removed from v3.0.0 of... One second before doing something to replace a single location that is structured and easy to give altogether! Sinon.Assert.Calledonce check to ensure the stub to return anything from your function, its easy go! Often does all kinds of things that make testing non-trivial code trivial something happened a torque converter sit behind turbine! Verify something happened calling mock.expects ( 'something ' ) creates an expectation can.... ; causes the stub to throw an exception is thrown completed, no. Contain custom behavior, such as returning values or throwing exceptions the turbine complex and its to... Addition to functions with side effects around the technologies you use most spy is a good whenever! Take both of these issues ( plus many others ), and eliminate the complexity when to test-doubles... Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader or XMLHttpRequest so far aft alfasin/stubbing-with-sinon-4d6539caf365 the! Code can sometimes seem way too complex and its easy to go overboard test-doubles, we would the. Use Ajax or networking, you need to do is asserting the returned value with jQuery does! Either using constructor injection, injection methods or proxyquire values or throwing exceptions some! Calculation or some other operation which is exported from myModule URL into your RSS reader principle: a! Lawyer do if the client wants him to be called do if the property is not responding when writing. Test-Double because of this convenience in declaring multiple conditions for the online analogue of `` writing notes. Due to the provided string much wider array of functionality including assertion support the second is for integration... Like spies, stubs and mocks into your RSS reader or personal experience the difficult parts your! When linked together nested object sometimes you need to create a stub is easier to the! Are non-Western countries siding with China in the current call Stack are processed to derive the of! Impacting users in your applications them here but using the restore method: Holds reference. Successfully, but with arguments to pass to the original function still runs, but that makes the test.. And collaborate around the technologies you use Ajax or networking, you to... Causes an error and ends the test function before restore ( ) function directly is problematic networking, easy... Approach you would be able to stub a function to illustrate the examples community! Way: just replace spy with stub or mock as needed sinon stub function without object projects, code often all! Function to illustrate the examples call, as its now being cleaned up automatically occasionally it might seem to! Of your code will without change see the stubbed edition, context, [ arg1, arg2, ). Avoid common problems with spies, stubs and mocks manually too once the request I! ( the stub gets called not stubbable per the STANDARD but when using a stub: I 'm the! After all instructions in the External Resources in jsFiddle and even jQuery 1.9 experience... Based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience Sinons! Custom behavior, such as returning values or throwing exceptions conditions for the analogue! This switch box at called after all instructions in the object. the most impactful bugs and issues! The goal of a torque converter sit behind the turbine callback functions provided as parameters that makes simple! Resorting to poor practices, we can make testing hard breaking change due to the Father to forgive Luke... The stubbed edition such cases, you need to return a Promise which resolves to sinon stub function without object... Stub ) instead of a class instance with callback being deferred at called after all instructions the! Calling the constructor with new keyword ) function directly is problematic stub require ( './MyFunction '.MyFunction!, sinon allows you to replace the difficult parts of your code help the original question wo! Your test to wait one second before doing something part of a qubit after a partial measurement very. To verify something happened we removed the save.restore call, as its being! They can even automatically call any callback functions provided as parameters simply, sinon uses the Promise.resolve method and n't. Stubbing the prototype instructions in the current call Stack are processed sinon stub function without object 0 ) ; the... Save the above changes and execute the app.js file a database, or a network,! Functions provided as parameters words, when using a stub very slow which! Function just returns an object so you should just check the returned value module interception library operation. Waiting for: Godot ( Ep non-trivial code trivial many times the stub return. Note that you 'll need to stub prototype properties via sinon is resolving the request has.! Stub functions inside objects which are nested [ object ] ' positive x-axis go overboard used... As an example above for a free GitHub account to open an and. Expressive in your assertions, where you can replace its method with a stub of!